|
“Vice President Cheney needs to get a better lawyer, someone who will tell him not to endorse criminal activities over the airwaves,” Tom Malinowski, Human Rights Watch.
Open Letter to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales
Alberto Gonzales Attorney General of the United States U.S. Department of Justice 950 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20530-0001 April 5, 2006 Attorney General Gonzales:
The 2006 Defense Authorization Act, passed by Congress in January 2006, contains new provisions clarifying that all individuals acting under the color of U.S. law categorically are prohibited from engaging in or authorizing cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees in U.S. custody. These provisions were passed by Congress to rectify lack of clarity in regard to detention and interrogation techniques, and to prevent conduct that is prohibited by international law and illegal under domestic criminal law. We are now writing to urge you to issue a clear public statement about specific legal standards applicable to detention and interrogation of detainees overseas, under this legislation and other existing laws. Such a statement is necessary because, notwithstanding the 2006 Defense Authorization Act, you and other administration officials have not yet made clear statements about the specific legal standards applicable to the detention and interrogation of detainees in U.S. custody overseas. We are concerned that this lack of clarity continues to lead to confusion about the legality of specific interrogation techniques. We are particularly concerned about your continuing failure to issue clear statements about illegal interrogation techniques, and especially your failure to state that “waterboarding”—a technique that induces the effects of being killed by drowning—constitutes torture, and thus is illegal. We urge you to make such a statement now. The Convention Against Torture prohibits practices that constitute the intentional infliction of “severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental.” The federal torture statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2340A, similarly prohibits acts outside the United States that are specifically intended to cause “severe physical or mental pain or suffering.” Waterboarding is torture. It causes severe physical suffering in the form of reflexive choking, gagging, and the feeling of suffocation. It may cause severe pain in some cases. If uninterrupted, waterboarding will cause death by suffocation. It is also foreseeable that waterboarding, by producing an experience of drowning, will cause severe mental pain and suffering. The technique is a form of mock execution by suffocation with water. The process incapacitates the victim from drawing breath, and causes panic, distress, and terror of imminent death. Many victims of waterboarding suffer prolonged mental harm for years and even decades afterward. Waterboarding, when used against people captured in the context of war, may also amount to a war crime as defined under the federal war crimes statute 18 U.S.C. § 2441, which criminalizes grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions (in international armed conflicts), and violations of Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions (in non-international armed conflicts). Waterboarding is also an assault, and thus violates the federal assault statute, 18 U.S.C. § 113, when it occurs in the “special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States,” a jurisdictional area which includes government installations overseas. In cases involving the U.S. armed forces, waterboarding also amounts to assault, and cruelty and maltreatment under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Under the laws of the land, U.S. personnel who order or take part in waterboading are committing criminal acts—torture, assault, and war crimes—which are punishable as felony offenses. The Department of Justice should clarify this to all U.S. personnel, and prosecute violations of the law. We have no doubt that if a captured American were subjected to waterboarding, the U.S. government would condemn this as torture and demand or seek prosecution. We also urge you to clarify the legality of other abusive interrogation techniques, such as subjection to extreme temperatures, forced standing, binding in stress positions, and severe sleep deprivation. These techniques, like waterboarding, cause physical and mental suffering and are illegal under domestic and international law. At minimum, these techniques amount to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, categorically prohibited under the 2006 Defense Authorization Act; and they violate U.S. obligations under international human rights and humanitarian laws, including the Convention Against Torture and the Geneva Conventions. Depending on how they are used, these and other abusive techniques can amount to torture, potentially prosecutable under the U.S. torture and war crimes statutes. The U.S. State Department has condemned numerous other countries for utilizing these techniques, in many cases stating that the techniques amount to torture. As the Attorney General, you have the responsibility to speak clearly on matters of the legal standards for detention and interrogation of prisoners, and as the executive branch's chief legal officer, you are obliged to enforce U.S. laws. Moreover, you owe it to U.S. military and security personnel, including those who authorize and conduct interrogations, to specify accurately that the techniques described above are not legal. This is vitally important because personnel who rely on advice to the contrary place themselves in legal peril. We sincerely hope that you will uphold the legal standards discussed above, and make efforts to articulate them clearly and publicly. Signed, Richard Abel, UCLA School of Law Bruce Ackerman, Yale University Catherine Adcock Admay, Duke University Madelaine Adelman, Arizona State University Jose E. Alvarez, Columbia Law School (former attorney-adviser, Department of State) Paul Amar, University of California-Santa Barbara Fran Ansley, University of Tennessee College of Law Michael Avery, Suffolk Law School Amy Bartholomew, Carleton University Katherine Beckett, University of Washington George Bisharat, Hastings College of the Law Christopher L. Blakesley, William S. Boyd School of Law (UNLV) Gary Blasi, Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law John Charles Boger, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill David Bowker, adjunct, Cardozo Law School (former attorney-adviser, Department of State) Alice C. Briggs, Franklin Pierce Law Center John Brigham, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Peter Brooks, University of Virginia Rosa Brooks, University of Virginia William T. Burke, University of Washington School of Law William Burke-White, University of Pennsylvania School of Law Kitty Calavita, University of California-Irvine Henry (Chip) Carey, Georgia State University Anupam Chander, University of California-Davis Oscar G. Chase, New York University Law School Kathleen Clark, Washington University Cornell W. Clayton, Washington State University Marjorie Cohn, Thomas Jefferson School of Law David Cole, Georgetown University Law Center John Comaroff, University of Chicago Michael Comiskey, Pennsylvania State University Marianne Constable, University of California- Berkeley Don Crowley, University of Idaho Scott Cummings, UCLA School of Law Eve Darian-Smith, University of Massachusetts-Amherst Benjamin Davis, University of Toledo College of Law Stephen F. Diamond, Santa Clara University School of Law Hilal Elver, University of California-Santa Barbara Richard Falk, Princeton University and University of California-Santa Barbara Thomas G. Field, Jr. Franklin Pierce Law Center Gregory H. Fox, Wayne State University Law School Lawrence M. Friedman, Stanford University Michael Froomkin, University of Miami School of Law David R. Ginsburg, UCLA School of Law Angelina Snodgrass Godoy, University of Washington Leslie F.Goldstein, University of Delaware Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., UCLA Law School David Greenberg, New York University Lisa Hajjar, University of California-Santa Barbara Joel F. Handler, UCLA School of Law Hendrik Hartog, Princeton University Lynne Henderson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas William O. Hennessey, Franklin Pierce Law Center Richard A. Hesse, Franklin Pierce Law Center Elisabeth Hilbink, University of Minnesota Jennifer L. Hochschild, Harvard University Scott Horton, Adjunct, Columbia Law School Derek Jinks, University of Texas School of Law Jerry Kang, UCLA School of Law Lisa A. Kelly, University of Washington School of Law Heinz Klug, University of Wisconsin Itzchak E. Kornfeld, Drexel University Ariana R. Levinson, UCLA School of Law Sanford Levinson, University of Texas Law School Robert Justin Lipkin, Widener University School of Law Lynn M. LoPucki, UCLA School of Law David Luban, Georgetown University Law Center Deborah Maranville, University of Washington School of Law Ann Elizabeth Mayer, University of Pennsylvania Jamie Mayerfeld, University of Washington Joel Migdal, University of Washington Martha Minow, Harvard Law School William W. Monning, Monterrey College of Law Kathleen M. Moore, University of California-Santa Barbara Forrest S. Mosten, UCLA School of Law Ken Mott, Gettysburg College Stephen R. Munzer, UCLA School of Law Jyoti Nanda, UCLA School of Law Smita Narula, New York University School of Law Julie Novkov, University of Oregon Frances Olsen, UCLA School of Law John Orcutt, Franklin Pierce Law Center Arzoo Osanloo, University of Washington Jordan J. Paust, University of Houston William P. Quigley, Loyola University, New Orleans Christopher J. Peters, Wayne State University Law School Judith Resnik, Yale Law School Sandra L. Rierson, Thomas Jefferson School of Law Brad R. Roth, Wayne State University Gary Rowe, UCLA School of Law Austin Sarat, Amherst College Margaret L. Satterthwaite, New York University School of Law Stuart A. Scheingold, University of Washington Kim Lane Scheppele, Woodrow Wilson School and Princeton University Benjamin N. Schiff, Oberlin College David Schultz, Hamline University Robert A. Sedler, Wayne State University Barry Shanks, Franklin Pierce Law Center Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University Charles Anthony Smith, University of Miami Eunice Son, UCLA School of Law Susan Sterett, University of Denver Jacqueline Stevens, University of California-Santa Barbara Katherine Stone, UCLA School of Law Steven Tauber, University of South Florida Samuel. C. Thompson, Jr, UCLA School of Law Beth Van Schaack, Santa Clara University School of Law Andrew Strauss, Widener University School of Law Stephen I. Vladeck, University of Miami School of Law Richard Weisberg, Cardozo Law School Deborah M. Weissman, University of North Carolina School of Law Burns H. Weston, University of Iowa and Vermont Law School Adam Winkler, UCLA School of Law Maryann Zavez, Vermont Law School Richard O. Zerbe Jr., University of Washington
|