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in the SAD diet is criminal, if you can understand this, you can understand the role of fish oil and healthy fats in preventing disease and promoting a higher level of health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16005051&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsumCentre de Recherches Biologiques, Chemin de Montifault, 18800 Baugy, France. The relationship between high fish consumption and low mortality following coronary heart disease (CHD) and low incidence of breast cancer was first mentioned 3 decades ago. The fishes of interest are rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which could be the active nutrients. The current consensus about cardioprotection is that omega-3 LC-PUFAs would mainly exert antiarrhythmic effects. One of the proposed mechanisms is that circulating non-esterified LC-PUFAs partition into cardiac cells membrane phospholipids and exert a direct effect on ionic channels and/or modify intracellular calcium homeostasis. In another hypothesis, changes in the metabolism of phosphoinositides would be involved and lead to the differential activation of PKC isoforms. As compared to the mechanisms proposed for the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, less is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in breast cancers prevention. Some proposed mechanisms such as the modulation of phosphoinositides metabolism and/or modulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, are common to both pathologies. Other hypotheses involve the alteration of the cellular redox status induced by highly peroxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA), or the modulation of gene expression, both phenomena being tightly linked to apoptosis. In this review, we report and compare some proposed mechanisms for the involvement of omega-3 LC-PUFAs in both cardiac and breast cancer protection. Deliberately, we chose to discuss only the mechanisms, which are less described in other reviews such as ionic channels in cancer, calcium homeostasis, PKC activation or matrix metalloproteinases in both cancer and cardiac models. The leitmotiv along this review is that cardio- and cancero-protective effects use common pathways. Comparison of the cellular effects might therefore help to highlight the "protective" pathways. PMID: 16005051
Then there are these.....
1: Wu WH, Lu SC, Wang TF, Jou HJ, Wang TA. Related Articles, Links Abstract Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov 9; PMID: 16278686
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3: Stillwell W, Shaikh SR, Zerouga M, Siddiqui R, Wassall SR. Related Articles, Links Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid affects cell signaling by altering lipid rafts. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005 Sep-Oct;45(5):559-79. Review. PMID: 16188208
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5: Maheo K, Vibet S, Steghens JP, Dartigeas C, Lehman M, Bougnoux P, Gore J. Related Articles, Links Free Full Text Differential sensitization of cancer cells to doxorubicin by DHA: a role for lipoperoxidation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Sep 15;39(6):742-51. PMID: 16109304
6: Jude S, Roger S, Martel E, Besson P, Richard S, Bougnoux P, Champeroux P, Le Guennec JY. Related Articles, Links Abstract Dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin: a comparison of their protective effects on coronary heart disease and breast cancers. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006 Jan-Apr;90(1-3):299-325. Epub 2005 Jun 15. PMID: 16005051
7: Schley PD, Jijon HB, Robinson LE, Field CJ. Related Articles, Links Free Full Text Mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acid-induced growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Jul;92(2):187-95. PMID: 15986129
8: Duncan RE, El-Sohemy A, Archer MC. Related Articles, Links Abstract Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase in MCF-7 cells by genistein, EPA, and DHA, alone and in combination with mevastatin. Cancer Lett. 2005 Jun 28;224(2):221-8. Epub 2004 Dec 16. PMID: 15914273
9: Menendez JA, Lupu R, Colomer R. Related Articles, Links Abstract Exogenous supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) synergistically enhances taxane cytotoxicity and downregulates Her-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncogene expression in human breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2005 Jun;14(3):263-70. PMID: 15901996
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11: Chiu LC, Wong EY, Ooi VE. Related Articles, Links Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid from a cultured microalga inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis by upregulating Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1030:361-8. PMID: 15659818
12: Baumgartner M, Sturlan S, Roth E, Wessner B, Bachleitner-Hofmann T. Related Articles, Links Abstract Enhancement of arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis using docosahexaenoic acid in arsenic trioxide-resistant solid tumor cells. Int J Cancer. 2004 Nov 20;112(4):707-12. PMID: 15382055
13: Heller AR, Rossel T, Gottschlich B, Tiebel O, Menschikowski M, Litz RJ, Zimmermann T, Koch T. Related Articles, Links Abstract Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 2004 Sep 10;111(4):611-6. PMID: 15239141
14: Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Yuri T, Danbara N, Senzaki H, Kiyozuka Y, Uehara N, Takada H, Hada T, Miyazawa T, Ogawa Y, Tsubura A. Related Articles, Links Free Full Text Conjugated docosahexaenoic acid suppresses KPL-1 human breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo: potential mechanisms of action. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(4):R291-9. Epub 2004 Apr 26. PMID: 15217495
15: Simopoulos AP. Related Articles, Links Abstract The traditional diet of Greece and cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004 Jun;13(3):219-30. Review. PMID: 15167223
16: Menendez JA, Ropero S, Mehmi I, Atlas E, Colomer R, Lupu R. Related Articles, Links Free Full Text Overexpression and hyperactivity of breast cancer-associated fatty acid synthase (oncogenic antigen-519) is insensitive to normal arachidonic fatty acid-induced suppression in lipogenic tissues but it is selectively inhibited by tumoricidal alpha-linolenic and gamma-linolenic fatty acids: a novel mechanism by which dietary fat can alter mammary tumorigenesis. Int J Oncol. 2004 Jun;24(6):1369-83. PMID: 15138577
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