Study links child's autism, parents' mental illness

[TZ]

CHICAGO (Reuters) - In another sign pointing to an inherited component to autism, a study released on Monday found that having a schizophrenic parent or a mother with psychiatric problems roughly doubled a child's risk of being autistic.

"Our research shows that mothers and fathers diagnosed with schizophrenia were about twice as likely to have a child diagnosed with autism," said Julie Daniels of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who worked on the study.

We also saw higher rates of depression and personality disorders among mothers, but not fathers," she said in a statement.

The study of families in Sweden with children born between 1977 and 2003 involved 1,227 children diagnosed with autism. They were compared with families of nearly 31,000 children who did not have autism. Sweden's detailed health registry provides a wealth of data for such studies.
http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN0222816920080505?feedType=RSS&feedName=scienceNews

[Clear Blue Sky]

1. Interesting association.

These conditions are all variations on a theme of altered brain chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc.

Genes may dictate how these conditions occur - whether earlier in life as autism or later as schizophrenia.

[HysteryDiagnosis]

2. Just a thought, many persons with ADHD, Dyslexia, Dyspraxia

Type A personality disorder, and other neurological issues have a difficult time converting short chain fatty acids into long chain fatty acids. This tends to put them at risk for full and proper development of the nervous system. Yes, this inability to metabolize these fats is enzymatic in nature and that makes them genetically linked and hence familial.


1: Lipids Health Dis. 2008 Mar 18;7:9.Click here to read Click here to read Links
Can essential fatty acids reduce the burden of disease(s)?
Das UN.

UND Life Sciences, 13800 Fairhill Road, #321, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA. [e-mail]

Coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, depression schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and collagen vascular diseases are low-grade systemic inflammatory conditions that are a severe burden on health care resources. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their metabolites: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA) and their products: prostaglandin E1, prostacyclin, lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins suppress inflammation, augment healing, and are of benefit in the prevention and management of these conditions. Hence, supplementation of EFAs could reduce burden of these disease(s).

PMID: 18348729

PMCID: PMC227650

[HysteryDiagnosis]

3. To back up my previous statement.....

1: Biotechnol J. 2006 Apr;1(4):420-39.Click here to read Links
Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology.
Das UN.

UND Life Sciences, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA. [e-mail]

Essential fatty acids (EFAs), linoleic acid (LA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential for humans, and are freely available in the diet. Hence, EFA deficiency is extremely rare in humans. To derive the full benefits of EFAs, they need to be metabolized to their respective long-chain metabolites, i.e., dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA) from LA; and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from ALA. Some of these long-chain metabolites not only form precursors to respective prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs), but also give rise to lipoxins (LXs) and resolvins that have potent anti-inflammatory actions. Furthermore, EFAs and their metabolites may function as endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme and 3-hdroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, nitric oxide (NO) enhancers, anti-hypertensives, and anti-atherosclerotic molecules. Recent studies revealed that EFAs react with NO to yield respective nitroalkene derivatives that exert cell-signaling actions via ligation and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

The metabolism of EFAs is altered in several diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Thus, EFAs and their derivatives have varied biological actions and seem to be involved in several physiological and pathological processes.

[murray hill farm]

4. Extremely interesting.

Thanks!

[TZ]

6. and totally wrong n/t

[HysteryDiagnosis]

7. LOL!!!! Now who looks the fool?? Nah me mah..... heh. n/t

[cosmik debris]

11. You, that's who!

[HysteryDiagnosis]

12. More comic breeze blowing tumblin' tumbleweeds through the

health forum.... ho hum.

[TZ]

5. Thats a "downstream" effect

Of having a genetic deficiency. In other words a side effect not a root cause. Brain chemistry is a totally different issue from what you are bringing up again. Just like Down's Syndrome is caused by having an extra chromosome that also gives them other problems as well.
So adding dietary supplements is NOT GOING TO DO A THING.
You show a distressing lack of depth of knowledge of biology. This is why reading stuff on the internet in NO substitute for a
degree.Oy.
I suggest you read about genes and DNA before making more unqualified medical pronouncements.
Remind us again where you got your biology/medical degree?

[Tumbulu]

8. I do not know the history here, but why the need to be so rude?

I found the above posts quite interesting.

[HysteryDiagnosis]

10. Person may be suffering from an essential fatty acid

deficiency... and or Cal Mag.

www.hriptc.org




Pfeiffer Treatment Center (PTC) is a not-for-profit, medical outpatient facility specializing in the treatment of symptoms from biochemical imbalances. PTC’s dedicated medical team treats children, teens, and adults with symptoms of behavioral and learning disorders (including ADD/ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, depression (including postpartum depression), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, post traumatic stress syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. PTC takes a unique, integrative approach to identify and treat the root metabolic causes of these symptoms with a multi-disciplinary clinical team involving physicians, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists and other clinical specialists.

Individuals in the absence of symptoms of a biochemical imbalance may also benefit from a biochemical assessment to support health and promote wellness at our clinical headquarters (only) in Warrenville, IL - a southwest Chicago metropolitan city. Patients tell us that PTC's individualized nutrient program assists them in making healthier lifestyle choices in their quest for optimal health.

Since 1989, PTC has treated over 20,000 patients from all 50 states and from more than 75 countries, at our Centers in Warrenville, Illinois (headquarters), and Oakdale, Minnesota (satellite), or at one of our five U.S. outreach clinics. Located at our Illinois headquarters, Health Research Institute (HRI) – the research and development arm of PTC, engages in ongoing research to refine our ability to diagnose and treat biochemical imbalances.

Pfeiffer Treatment Center is named in honor of Carl Pfeiffer, M.D., Ph.D., founder of Princton Bio Center in Skillman, NJ, and pioneer in the field of nutritional research therapy. Dr. Pfeiffer became interested in the research conducted at Health Research Institute (HRI) and, before his untimely death in 1988, worked extensively with the HRI team to share his knowledge of correcting biochemical imbalances.

[cosmik debris]

13. One poster has a history of posting bogus crap

Without any links. If you follow the trail, you will find that he often posts citations that prove him wrong, but he selectively quotes the part that support his narrow view.

He can't even get his MD from Google University because he won't do his homework.

[HysteryDiagnosis]

9. Wrong, wrong wrong, you are totally and completely WRONG.

1: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jan;9(1):57-64.Links
The role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders.
Stahl LA, Begg DP, Weisinger RS, Sinclair AJ.

La Trobe University, School of Psychological Science, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.

Research has established that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), plays a fundamental role in brain structure and function. Epidemiological and cross-sectional studies have also identified a role for long-chain omega-3 PUFA, which includes DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid, in the etiology of depression. In the past ten years, there have been 12 intervention studies conducted using various preparations of longchain omega-3 PUFA in unipolar and bipolar depression. The majority of these studies administered long-chain omega-3 PUFA as an adjunct therapy. The studies have been conducted over 4 to 16 weeks of intervention and have often included small cohorts.

In four out of the seven studies conducted in depressed individuals and in two out of the five studies in bipolar patients, individuals have reported a positive outcome following supplementation with ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid or fish oil containing long-chain omega-3 PUFA. In the three trials that researched the influence of DHA-rich preparations, no significant effects were reported. The mechanisms that have been invoked to account for the benefits of long-chain omega-3 PUFA in depression include reductions in prostaglandins derived from arachidonic acid, which lead to decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and/or alterations in blood flow to the brain.




1: Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):207-27.Click here to read Links
Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids.
Kidd PM.

University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.

The omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are orthomolecular, conditionally essential nutrients that enhance quality of life and lower the risk of premature death. They function exclusively via cell membranes, in which they are anchored by phospholipid molecules. DHA is proven essential to pre- and postnatal brain development, whereas EPA seems more influential on behavior and mood. Both DHA and EPA generate neuroprotective metabolites. In double-blind, randomized, controlled trials, DHA and EPA combinations have been shown to benefit attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), autism, dyspraxia, dyslexia, and aggression. For the affective disorders, meta-analyses confirm benefits in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, with promising results in schizophrenia and initial benefit for borderline personality disorder. Accelerated cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) correlate with lowered tissue levels of DHA/EPA, and supplementation has improved cognitive function. Huntington disease has responded to EPA. Omega-3 phospholipid supplements that combine DHA/EPA and phospholipids into the same molecule have shown marked promise in early clinical trials. Phosphatidylserine with DHA/EPA attached (Omega-3 PS) has been shown to alleviate AD/HD symptoms. Krill omega-3 phospholipids, containing mostly phosphatidylcholine (PC) with DHA/EPA attached, markedly outperformed conventional fish oil DHA/EPA triglycerides in double-blind trials for premenstrual syndrome/dysmenorrhea and for normalizing blood lipid profiles. Krill omega-3 phospholipids demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, lowering C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a double-blind trial. Utilizing DHA and EPA together with phospholipids and membrane antioxidants to achieve a triple cell membrane synergy may further diversify their currently wide range of clinical applications.

[varkam]

15. delete

[varkam]

14. How in the fuck is schizophrenia a "low-grade systemic inflammatory condition"?

:crazy:

[HysteryDiagnosis]

16. I'll have to conference with my two other selves..... I'll get back

to you. I cannot add much more than the following, I hope it will suffice me lord.

http://www.nature.com/bjp/journal/v147/n1s/full/0706400a.html

The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease

Sian-Marie Lucas1, Nancy J Rothwell1 and Rosemary M Gibson1,2

1Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT

Correspondence: Nancy J. Rothwell, E-mail: [e-mail]

2Current address: Health & Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN.
Top of page
Abstract


For many years, the central nervous system (CNS) was considered to be 'immune privileged', neither susceptible to nor
contributing to inflammation. It is now appreciated that the CNS does exhibit features of inflammation, and in response
to injury, infection or disease, resident CNS cells generate inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, free radicals and complement, which in turn induce chemokines and adhesion molecules, recruit immune cells, and activate glial cells. Much of the key evidence demonstrating that inflammation and inflammatory mediators contribute to acute, chronic and psychiatric CNS disorders is summarised in this review. However, inflammatory mediators may have dual roles, with detrimental acute effects but beneficial effects in long-term repair and recovery, leading to complications in their application as novel therapies. These may be avoided in acute diseases in which treatment administration might be relatively short-term. Targeting interleukin (IL)-1 is a promising novel therapy for stroke and traumatic brain injury, the naturally occurring antagonist (IL-1ra) being well tolerated by rheumatoid arthritis patients. Chronic disorders represent a greater therapeutic challenge, a problem highlighted in Alzheimer's disease (AD); significant data suggested that anti-inflammatory agents might reduce the probability of developing AD, or slow its progression, but prospective clinical trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or cyclooxygenase inhibitors have been disappointing. The complex interplay between inflammatory mediators, ageing, genetic background, and environmental factors may ultimately regulate the outcome of acute CNS injury and progression of chronic neurodegeneration, and be critical for development of effective therapies for CNS diseases.


Schizophrenia may be linked to inflammation: study | Health | Reuters
Mar 20, 2007 ... CHICAGO (Reuters) - The key to schizophrenia may be found in a gene region thought to play a role in inflammation and autoimmune disorders, ...

feeds.reuters.com/~r/reuters/healthNews/~3/103178245/idUSN2037349720070320 - 70k - Cached - Similar pages
British Journal of Pharmacology - The role of inflammation in CNS ...
It is now appreciated that the CNS does exhibit features of inflammation, ..... The aetiology of schizophrenia remains unexplained, but recently a ...

www.nature.com/bjp/journal/v147/n1s/full/0706400a.html - Similar pages
BioMed Central | Full text | Inflammation-related genes up ...
Although alterations in these immune-related transcripts are not sufficient evidence for inflammation in schizophrenia, and these genes are not classic ...
www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/7/46 - 96k - Cached - Similar pages
IngentaConnect Inflammation and schizophrenia
In parallel, there is a separate body of evidence relating subclinical chronic inflammation and schizophrenia in individuals, usually in their adulthood, ...

www.ingentaconnect.com/.../2007/00000007/00000007/art00006;jsessionid=2v7ink6pwe71c.alexandra?format=print - Similar pages
Pyrazole derivatives as sigma receptor inhibitors - Patent EP1829875
... allodynia and/or hyperalgesia, especially mechanical allodynia, psychotic condition, schizophrenia; inflammation, autoimmune diseases or cancer; ...
www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1829875.html - 88k - Cached - Similar pages
BBS
... CNS; prediction of treatment of bipolar disease and schizophrenia, inflammation; prediction of treatment of chronic disease, and cancer; prediction of ...

www.bit.or.at/irca/bbsshow8.php?ref1=05%20IT%20LAPM%200DY5&vQuelle=&cc= - 5k - Cached - Similar pages
Schizophrenia as an inflammation-mediated dysbalance of ...
Schizophrenia as an inflammation-mediated dysbalance of glutamatergic neurotrans.

www.ionchannels.org/showabstract.php?pmid=17062375 - 27k - Cached - Similar pages
Inflammation-related genes up-regulated in schizophrenia brains.
Inflammation-related genes up-regulated in schizophrenia brains. Saetre P, Emilsson L, Axelsson E, Kreuger J, Lindholm E, Jazin E. ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17822540 - Similar pages
Pancreatitis Risk Seen In Schizophrenia Drugs - New York Times
Researchers reported yesterday that there may be a link between some newer drugs prescribed for schizophrenia and a dangerous inflammation of the pancreas. ...
query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE7DD1538F931A3575AC0A9659C8B63 - 46k - Cached - Similar pages

&
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
condition, schizophrenia; inflammation, autoimmune diseases or cancer; disorders of ..... ical allodynia, psychotic condition, schizophrenia; inflammation, ...
https:/.../PublicationServer/router?iAction=3&cc=EP&pn=1829866&ki=A1 - Similar pages

[varkam]

17. Capitalize Lord, next time.

It seems that the first thing you posted upthread is assuming something that has not yet been borne out by the science, namely that schizophrenia is an inflammatory illness. At best inflammation in the CNS is a contributing factor with genetic predispositions being necessary and perhaps sufficient in and of themselves. In addition, it would seem to me that a reverse causation could be implicated here in that increased inflammation could be the result of schizophrenia - though it is a topic that deserves further study.

In other words, that first abstract is writing checks it's ass can't cash.

[HysteryDiagnosis]

18. I rather believe that it is the inability to process short chain

fatty acids into long chain fatty acids that leads to a bodily chemistry in which pro-inflammatory environs proliferate.

http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=222&topic_id=35422&mesg_id=35429

[varkam]

19. But, again, genetics still appears to be a necessary precondition for psychosis...

and you still have reverse causation to deal with?

"I rather believe"...what are your credentials?

[HysteryDiagnosis]

20. My credentials? Surely you jest. Since gene code over 10,000

different enzymes in the body, much of what you consider causation can be manipulated and or mitigated by enhancing defective enzymatic processes. There is no "gene" that causes schizophrenia, just as there is no "gene" that causes arthritis. There are genes that produce defective enzymes which produce symptoms and or conditions that hinge on those poorly functioning enzymes.

[varkam]

23. I'm asking on what basis do you offer your expert opinion?

And true there is no gene that causes schizophrenia, though there is a major genetic component to it. IIRC, concordance rates in MZ twins is somewhere around 90%.

But I was just going on what the links that you offered up seem to indicate - namely that the first abstract that you offered seem to be claiming something no supported by the science. The etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, but the first abstract seems to take it as a given that it is an inflammatory illness.

[HysteryDiagnosis]

24. Inflammation is a large component of it, genetic or not, environmental

or not, allergic or not.... I thought you saw this.


http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=222&topic_id=35422&mesg_id=35456

[varkam]

25. Again:

On what basis do you offer your expert opinion?

From your selection of links:

British Journal of Pharmacology - The role of inflammation in CNS ...
It is now appreciated that the CNS does exhibit features of inflammation, ..... The aetiology of schizophrenia remains unexplained, but recently a ...

?

Several other of your links appear to have nothing to do with the hypothesis that inflammation is an etiological component in schizophrenia, and at least one of your links is broken.

Inflammation may be a component, but there doesn't seem to be a way of saying whether or not it is implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia or if it is a secondary cause to the etiology of schizophrenia. IOW, saying that schizophrenia is an inflammatory disease is jumping the gun in a major way.

You seem to be saying that schizophrenia is caused by inflammation. So, again, on what basis do you offer that opinion?

[HysteryDiagnosis]

26. Again, there is no gene that causes "schizophrenia"... just as there

is no gene that causes "arthritis". Enzymatic disorders can cause essential fatty acid abnormalities which then can result in several CNS "diseases". I don't know what is so hard to understand about a biochemical imbalance leading to a bonafide "disease" or disorder. It's not rocket science.


Altered Lipid Metabolism in Brain Injury and Disorders.
Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF.

Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.

Deregulated lipid metabolism may be of particular importance for CNS injuries and disorders, as this organ has the highest lipid concentration next to adipose tissue. Atherosclerosis (a risk factor for ischemic stroke) results from accumulation of LDL-derived lipids in the arterial wall. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1), secretory phospholipase A(2) IIA and lipoprotein-PLA(2) are implicated in vascular inflammation. These inflammatory responses promote atherosclerotic plaques, formation and release of the blood clot that can induce ischemic stroke.

TNF-alpha and IL-1 alter lipid metabolism and stimulate production of eicosanoids, ceramide, and reactive oxygen species that potentiate CNS injuries and certain neurological disorders. Cholesterol is an important regulator of lipid organization and the precursor for neurosteroid biosynthesis. Low levels of neurosteroids were related to poor outcome in many brain pathologies. Apolipoprotein E is the principal cholesterol carrier protein in the brain, and the gene encoding the variant Apolipoprotein E4 is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease is to some degree caused by lipid peroxidation due to phospholipases activation. Niemann-Pick diseases A and B are due to acidic sphingomyelinase deficiency, resulting in sphingomyelin accum

ulation, while Niemann-Pick disease C is due to mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes, resulting in defective cholesterol transport and cholesterol accumulation. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating condition of the CNS. Inhibiting phospholipase A(2) attenuated the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The endocannabinoid system is hypoactive in Huntington's disease. Ethyl-eicosapetaenoate showed promise in clinical trials.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis causes loss of motorneurons. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition reduced spinal neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mice. Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation provided improvement in schizophrenia patients, while the combination of (eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) provided benefit in bipolar disorders. The ketogenic diet where >90% of calories are derived from fat is an effective treatment for epilepsy. Understanding cytokine-induced changes in lipid metabolism will promote novel concepts and steer towards bench-to-bedside transition for therapies.

[varkam]

27. I never said that there is a single gene that causes schizophrenia.

All I said is that there is a heavy genetic component, as supported by the concordance rates.

I'm going to ask it one more time: on what basis to you offer your opinion that schizophrenia is caused by CNS inflammation? I've already explained why this may or may not be so, so I'm not going to delve into it again. Saying that biochemical imbalances can lead to a CNS disorder is one thing, saying that inflammation causes schizophrenia is quite another. Feel free to re-read my previous posts for a primer on that.

If you want to answer the question this time around, please feel free to do so.

[HysteryDiagnosis]

29. There are genes associated with most "diseases". Inflammation is

associated with cancer, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, the list goes on. Again, GENES CODE ENZYMES, enzymes affect biological activities, they control conversions, detoxification, metabolization. A combination of defects in these sorts of processes can be called any "disease" you like. You want to give a certain set of enzymatic insufficiencies a name. That's fine as long as you realize what you are doing.



http://consciouschoice.com/2004/cc1706/healthconscious1706.html
June 2004 | Health Conscious
Inflammation = Degenerative Disease
by Bonnie C. Minsky

Inflammation has long been linked to both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Now, there’s emerging research that also links chronic inflammation to allergies, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, diabetes, digestive disorders, heart disease, hormonal imbalances and osteoporosis. Andrew Weil, holistic health M.D., Nicholas Perricone, M.D., an anti-aging expert, Jeffrey Bland, Ph.D., a biochemist who popularized the concept “genetic nutritioneering,” and health writer Jack Challem, author of The Inflammation Syndrome, have spoken widely about the damage that inflammation causes.

Injured tissues become inflamed and result in redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function. When acute inflammation doesn’t shut down, it becomes chronic and causes damage to the injured tissues. Bland, the nutritional biochemist, says, “Inflammatory stimuli, such as bacterial infection, trauma, ischemic events, stress-related events, toxic exposures, allergens and chronic viral infections activate the inflammatory response.”

According to the health experts I mention, the biggest culprit in causing abnormal inflammation is the pathetic “standard American diet” (SAD) of heavily processed convenience and fast foods. Perricone believes that “Inflammation equals aging. Inflammation is the reason you get wrinkles; why you forget everything from where you left your car keys to your neighbor’s first name; why you can be irritable and depressed and why you lose the healthy bloom of youth.”

Inflammation is what causes arthritic pain, stiffness when using your muscles, the wheezing of asthma and the discomfort of allergies. It is even possible that the progression of atherosclerosis is directly related to chronic inflammation in up to 50 percent of cases. Excess acid production also increases the inflammatory response leading to loss of bone and joint tissues.

[varkam]

30. Third time is the charm?

There's a big difference between something being associated with something else, and something causing something else. CNS inflammation might be associated with SZ, but that's a far cry from being able to claim that inflammation causes SZ.

:shrug:

[HysteryDiagnosis]

32. Twisted reasoning. I'm sure in time you will come to a proper

conclusion.

[varkam]

33. Well, I guess it's hard to explain basic science to someone who already...

knows everything. :hi:

[Jim__]

21. What is the basis for that statement?

The statement: genetics still appears to be a necessary precondition for psychosis...

My understanding is that such things as stroke, PTSD, brain damage, drug abuse, viral infection, extreme stress, etc. can lead to psychosis.

[varkam]

22. You are correct.

I was tired :hi:

[Warpy]

28. That's the problem, you BELIEVE, you don't KNOW

and it would take you roughly four years of intensive education plus clinical experience before you could really say you had any sort of understanding of this stuff.

[varkam]

31. You're wrong, Warpy.

I don't think it takes four years to get an MD from Google U.