Interestingly, if you had been raised a Christian, you wouldn't know much if anything at all about the early Christian Church... other than what the Bible tells about the Religion's tenets and scripture. To get any real information about the history, you generally have to take secular (or advanced theology) courses or read books on the history--or, with the advent of the internet, merely peruse the many sites/articles on the subject.
Then, of course, you're going to find that "Historians" and "Theologians" disagree with each other and among themselves. Still, I found that I picked up a pretty solid history/time-line of events and developments of Christianity, the Church and it's various denominations. Which to me suggests that if you want a clear, relatively authoritative and thorough review, you'd do well to look elsewhere on the internet and avoid asking amateur historians and lay people.
I wish now that I'd bothered to keep a list; in less than a dozen excellent sites, I found enormous details.
The story of "Christ" existed in various forms long before "Jesus", and in a different "Pagan" religion. There is much evidence to indicate that most of the stories that found their way into Judaism and thus into Christianity (remember, Jesus was Jewish) existed in other older religions; Christianity tends to be an amalgam of many of the religions and superstitions that were popular in the several hundred years before 1CE (Common Era: secular equivalent of A.D. or Anno Domini).
There is shockingly little evidence Jesus even existed as a real human being. There is no historical/archeological evidence contemporary to Jesus that he ever lived--which, in an of itself, is a strong argument that He is the result of a myth-become-religion. There were actual "Historians" writing of the events of the time, as well as Roman records and so on... they are of sufficient detail that anything as amazing as Jesus's miracles, crucifiction and resurrection would have surely been recorded. Alas, all we get are highly suspicious and exceedingly brief mentions of the Jesus, the first of which is dated between 70 and 140 years (+/- 30) AFTER his proclaimed death.
Now, regardless of his reality... the story was spread and a huge number of beliefs about how people should live their lives as well as instructional stories were written (by unknown authors, sometimes several different authors, but certainly not the apostles named as authors--curiously, such was a common activity in those times) and agressively spread at a time when people were suffering under oppression and needed some way of living that would allow them peace (it's okay, you'll live in heaven in the afterlife, meanwhile forgive those who trespass against you (passive resistance somewhat like Ghandi adopted many centuries later), and you're never alone for your all powerful God is always with you and loves you and forgives those evil sins (thoughts as well as naughty behavior)... ahhh, all is well though my faith is being "tested" by being fed to the lions). They were
persecuted by the Romans during their first few centuries, but then again they refused to participate like everyone else in the community based worship of the Roman pantheon of Gods. When Rome burned in 433CE, Nero blamed it on those strange, troublesome Christians (who knows, they may well have been involved--it's not outside the realm of possibility given what the Christian religion was at the time; disaffected people with scores of different sets of beliefs beyond the common theme of Jesus). He was the worst ever, he had them burned alive and crucified in groups--of course, all executions in those days were public spectacle/sport/entertainment (seems rather barbaric). Anyway, the Roman Empire became split into a relatively rich East and a sort of agrarian West each with it's own Ceaser... At the beginning of the third century, the East side was persecuting Christians substantially and the Ceaser of the West, Constantine, wanted to conquer/take power over the whole Empire. He found that by supporting Christianity, he could instantly have allies already in place in the desired lands. So he did that, willy-nilly, he proclaimed Christianity to be the official Roman religion. He won out and became the one Ceasar in charge and he found it advantageous to continue the religion as it helped organize a powerbase throughout his empire. Curiously, at the time, Christians were still only about 5% of the population. He himself, doesn't appear to have converted or if he did, he made no effort to follow the religion's proscriptions for behavior; Christians followed him from the beginning just for his proclamation that he "was the protector of Christendom" and for the fact he used/displayed and took Christian symbology as his own. Easy enough.
The early "Church" consisted of many different groups covering a rather wide range of conflicting beliefs. Once it became the official religion, Constantine demanded that it sort itself out into one single religion... a "universal" church... "Catholic" means universal... so, the Catholic Church is born. Though, to be fair, it had already begun the process in the second century but was still significantly divided over doctrine and other matters. Nevertheless, Constantine made all the warring parts join and organized it after his own army with a hierarchical leadership with Bishops at the top, each ruling a region with clerics and such handling smaller and smaller segments but still answering up the chain of command (including sending in all the wealth collected from the peasants). The title Pope is sort of complicated since in English it refers to the supreme head of the Catholic Church (now and even before "The" church, the title referred to another title associated with the head of the church in Rome, "The Vicar of Peter" which was later updated to "The Vicar of Christ"), yet it otherwise (other languages, other times) was just to refer to their high spiritual leaders... in that sense, Pope Peter was the first as of the year 30CE... the leader of the Christian religion, long before the formal "Catholic" Church was formed. Note, however, that if you asked The Catholic Church when it was formed, it would
probably claim it's history unbroken all the way back to Peter and the Apostles. Still, one could hardly call the scores of competing contentious groups who were completely separate... a "Universal Church". Actually, I just read that the first recorded mention of the phrase "Catholic Church" was found in a letter by Saint Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch to Christians in Smyrna in the year 107. Doesn't mean there was such a church, but it was in their minds early on.
The Bible is merely a collection of what were separate writings. Late in the 3rd century and extending into the early 4th century, a man of seriously questionable morals named Jerome (later Saint Jerome) was tasked with translating the Bible from the original Hebrew into Latin (up to that point the main copy of the bible in use was the Septaguent, a Greek translation of the Hebrew performed by the Jews). This would be the Bible for another thousand years.
Immediately upon it's legalization and promotion to state religion, Rome and The Church began
persecuting non-Christians! Turn about is fair play? Turn the other cheek and all? Nope. By the year 380, Christianity becomes the sole, exclusive Religion of the Empire; it is then a 95 year old hierophant, Nestorius announces "the predominance of mental darkness over the human race." The beginnings of repression so pronounced that seeks out and destroys practically all ancient knowledge and prevents through crushing force all efforts to progress. Thus we have the "Dark Ages", courtesy of the Catholic Church. They even outlaw all non-Christian Calendars and methods for dating events... thus much of the world is stuck with A.D. and B.C. (and their new secular equivalents, C.E. and B.C.E. (B.C.E. - Before Common Era). During this time there are numerous massacres and ubiquitous executions—"by fire, crucifixion, tearing to pieces by wild beasts or cutting to pieces by iron nails" for anyone who doesn't profess the faith (or who is found guilty of blasphemy, idolatry, magic, etc. Baptism becomes mandator for everyone. Also, while there's no real evidence any Christians were actually fed to lions, the Christians themselves very much did feed people to the lions. The whole of Europe that had become a civilization reverted to a primitive village subsistence--though armys were still gathered and went about the Christianization of "heathen" tribes. Christian despots held power in the many regions we now know as nations and rule in a tyrannical manner. Fortunately, after some 500+ years of darkness the church's grip loosened ever so slightly and bright people were pressing for advances (and being tortured and put to death for their efforts). Though, to be fair...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ages#Enlightenment">Most modern historians dismiss the notion that the era was a "Dark Age" by pointing out that this idea was based on ignorance of the period combined with popular stereotypes: many previous authors would simply assume that the era was a dismal time of violence and stagnation and use this assumption to prove itself.
Meanwhile, in the Muslim world, they were making all the normal advancements in the sciences, medicine, literature and even the law. Bit by bit some of these advancements drew attention and made footholds in the darkened world of what had once been the Roman Empire. Renewed interest in improving living conditions and interest in the arts and sciences began to explode in what has been proposed to be several "Renaissances" mostly simultaneously... The enforced ignorance waned and creativity took hold once again.
Of course, any real coverage of even parts of this story would be a full book length work and then there would be the effort to reconsile the differing stories as provided by different books/different authors. It is a big subject and full of facinating details, many of which are both disturbing and terribly disappointing (as in, but for this religion, we'd be more than 1000 years ahead of where we are!). Some of the more facinating ideas involve how much of the Bible was fabricated out of pure fantasies, many from other belief systems. Others would involve recognizing that even things like Sin are purely fabricated means to an end--offering salvation from the unavoidable eternal punishment in exchange for large donations to the Church. In fact, it was just this kind of behavior that led to the Protestant Reformation in which the Church basically broke in two... (alas, the Protestant side kept the idea of sin and hell--though they allowed for forgiveness without having to make a donation to the Church). So much information, so little time.
I suspect the more religious and faithful expression about the Church and it's history would focus more on the beliefs, the dogma, catechisms, doctrine, creed or whatever. Alas, I cannot provide that view beyond a basic list which could be wrong due to the temptation to conflate Christian beliefs of different denominations with those of the Catholic Church--which is a world unto itself.
It should well be noted here as well that this represents a heretical point of view which is critical of the Church and the Religion behind it. I can't even see how anyone could hold the pious belief in the goodness of this church and it's religion, it doesn't even seem rational to me. So, again with the word "obvious", but obviously this is just my opinion and interpretation of the available evidence (obtained second-hand). Even so, I'm confident in the basic facts, dates and events mentioned.
Still, you only asked whether Christ was a Catholic. In some imaginary sense, he was the founder of such a Church--albeit long before it enstantiated on Earth and continues to be it's "leader" in a sort of... what appears to the infidel to be wishful thinking--at least they would probably claim it to be so. Besides, surely he would have converted to his own Church if he had lived (as a God in human form), but that would probably have weakened the story a bit (not having the crucifixion and resurrection and all). Then again, the certain reality of the story is that he was formally, in fact, a Jew--complete with multiple lineages back through his father, Joseph to King David and on to the grand patriarch of the whole of the Israelites and the subsequent development of Judaism (phew). No easy answers; it involves
Religion.