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At Lake Mead, a deep, narrow reservoir hundreds of miles long created by the Hoover Dam, quaggas appear well on the way to taking over. “Within a year of discovery, it was apparent that they were lakewide, and in areas they were really numerous,” said Kent Turner, chief of resource management for the park service at the recreation area. Sampling the lake bottom has found mussel concentrations in the thousands per square meter, he said.
Like the zebra, the quagga breeds externally, forming clouds of veligers, microscopic, free-swimming larvae that can float up to five weeks before settling on any surface that strikes their fancy. By riding the current, quagga veligers have floated hundreds of miles downstream. Adult mussels have been found as far south as the Imperial Dam, near the Mexican border.
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More alarming to some experts are the potential ecological effects. Dr. Fahnenstiel called the mussels’ explosive growth the most significant ecological disruption in modern Great Lakes history. “It’s a huge perturbation,” he said. “I don’t think that can be understated.” In Lake Michigan, fish populations have plummeted as quaggas strip the water of nutrients. “The fish are taking a hit because there’s no food for them,” said Tom Nalepa, a research biologist with the Great Lakes laboratory. “All the food is being sucked out by the mussels. What we’re seeing is the replacement of the fish by the mussels.”
By filtering the water, quaggas can increase clarity, letting in sunlight that leads to algae blooms and explosive weed growth. That can, in turn, result in oxygen-starved “dead zones,” observed recently in Lake Erie. By accumulating toxins filtered from the water, the mussels have also contributed to botulism. “In the Great Lakes, we’ve seen avian botulism go through the roof,” Dr. Fahnenstiel said. “We’ve had huge die-offs of loons, which are one of the most beloved species here.”
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http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/science/17muss.html?_r=1&oref=slogin