Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19, major study finds

[Richard D]

This discussion thread was locked as off-topic by Omaha Steve (a host of the Latest Breaking News forum).

Source: Israel 21

A low level of vitamin D in blood plasma appears to be an independent risk factor for Covid-19 infection and hospitalization, say scientists from Israeli HMO Leumit Health Services and the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University.

The researchers came to their conclusion using real-world data and an Israeli cohort of 782 Covid-19 positive patients and 7,025 Covid-19 negative patients.

“The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of Covid-19 infection among patients who were tested for Covid-19, even after adjustment for age, gender, socio-economic status and chronic, mental and physical disorders,” said Dr. Eugene Merzon, head of Leumit’s Department of Managed Care.

“Furthermore, low vitamin D level was associated with the risk of hospitalization due to Covid-19 infection, although this association wasn’t significant after adjustment for other factors,” he added.



Read more: https://www.israel21c.org/vitamin-d-helps-us-fight-covid-19-significant-study-finds/

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Link to study: https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/febs.15495

[underpants]

1. Vitamin D and Zinc should really be a regular thing for people

Just my 2 cents.

[Baked Potato]

3. Agreed! They are both relatively cheap insurance.

Careful with the zinc as it can cause some nausea. We take ours with some other food, and stay upright for awhile. Laying down will bring on some stomach issues fast I have found.

[underpants]

8. I didn't know that.

Thanks. I probably take it 3 times a week.

[Baked Potato]

15. Hi, yes. Most multivitamins have about 10mg of zinc and about 25mcg of Vitamin D.

Both of those amounts are around the 100% of the recommended daily allowance. We take an additional 10mg of zinc and 125mcg of D3 pretty much daily. Of course, ask the doctor and all that.

[underpants]

16. I just take a pill of each

I don’t do multivitamins

[Ohiogal]

7. Definitely vitamin D.

My doctors always push it on me because I’m a cancer survivor and D boosts immunity. At my last appt. my family Dr. told me he’s increasing his own intake of it as well, due to the coronavirus.

[lostnfound]

10. Agreed. I feel healthier than ever after a year of daily doses.

Daily regimen as an older woman includes Zinc, B, D, Glucosamine and a mild anti-inflammatory. Substituting a Calcium/magnesium every couple days instead of zinc to keep a balance.
Never took ANYTHING before but the zinc was clearly low and doctor warned me my D was low. And my joints were a frequent problem.

Now, all is much better.

[Warpy]

17. They won't do anything in people with normal levels

Levels should be checked as part of a yearly physical, especially in POC and especially at high latitudes.

[underpants]

18. I got the heads up on Zinc from medical people

Several of them over the years. I asked how they avoid getting sick and aside from just developing immunity they all say that they take Zinc or AirBorne regularly. I took that as good advise.

[Sucha NastyWoman]

19. Most adults are somewhat deficient in D

I take 50,000 iu per day, but I have had weight loss surgery which causes malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins, since I don’t absorb fat very well.

[thesquanderer]

22. Be careful with zinc. More than about 40 mg/day can be problematic.

Depending on your diet and the amount of supplementation you take, you could be closer than you think.

[brush]

2. So are they recommending more sunlight or D supplements, and if so how much?

[moonscape]

4. Would depend on what your Vit D blood level is, i.e. if you are

deficient and if so how much.

I had mine tested recently, am deficient, and will be taking prescription mega dose for 6-8 weeks, then test again and see what my daily should be.

[LiberalArkie]

9. Still the best Vitamin D is the one you make yourself. Darker skinned people can't make as much as

lighter skinned people though. I noticed that during the holidays that the ones who got sick were those who stayed in the indoor bars. The protests that were mainly daytime produced very few Covid cases.

Take a walk around the block when the sun is out and it may work.

Also Nitrous Oxide is very good at kill virus. You make it yourself when you breathe through your nose.

[brush]

12. Any info on melanin? Darker skinned people can sustain more...

exposure to sun due to melanin (an adaptation to climate). How does that factor?

[LiberalArkie]

13. From what I have read is the darker the skin, the less Vitamin D is made.

It may explain why Covid attacks Hispanics and African Americans worse than the Caucasian folks. A lot of research is going to be done in this area I believe.

I look at the spring break and the 4th outdoor celebrations and wait and see. I see no dramatic increase in cases n the crowds out partying in the water. But those inside the bars and clubs and any indoor parties - dropping like flies.

But since it is summer, it is a good time for a lot of investigation of the sun and disease.

[brush]

25. I have to mention that black and browns are disportionatley employed in essential...

jobs that can't be done remotely and are thus exposed more to the pubic/virus which in turn exposes their families and close relations to the virus because of their exposure to the public. There is no real scientific evidence that it has much to do with darker skin. It's more to do with public exposure to work environments with employers not deploying safety measures to protect their workers.

[LiberalArkie]

27. I wasn't talking about the virus. It is that from what I have read that the darker ones skin is,

the less vitamin D can be made by the skin.

The is what I was referring to:

Numerous variables affect skin synthesis of vitamin D, including latitude, season, time of day, degree of skin pigmentation, age, amount of skin exposed, and sunscreen use. Latitude, season, and time of day create the solar zenith angle, which determines the intensity of sunlight (15). People living in higher latitudes are more at risk for vitamin D deficiency compared to those living in more equatorial latitudes because the sunlight intensity is lower. For those residing in temperate latitudes, time of year influences the ability to generate previtamin D3 in skin. In latitudes around 40 degrees north or 40 degrees south (Boston is 42 degrees north), there is insufficient UVB radiation available for vitamin D synthesis from November to early March. Ten degrees farther north (Edmonton, Canada) or south the “vitamin D winter” extends from October to April (16). Time of day also influences the ability to generate vitamin D in skin, with midday solar radiation being the most intense. Melanin, the dark pigment in skin, competes with 7-DHC for the absorption of UV light and thus acts as a natural sunscreen, reducing the effectiveness of vitamin D production in skin. Therefore, individuals with dark-colored skin require more time (up to ten times as long) to synthesize the same amount of previtamin D3 in skin as those with fair skin (12, 17).

[brush]

31. Sorry for the misunderstanding but I still think the higher infection rate...

for those with darker skin has more to do with their essential jobs exposure to the public/virus than anything else.

[LiberalArkie]

32. You are probably correct.

Years ago I was looking at some stuff and saw a chart on Prozac usage over the years. Some time after I ran across a chart on sun screen usage. They almost matched, but if memory serves me correctly (probably not, I am 72) the sunscreen usage lead the Prozac usage by many months. Just interesting correlation that always stuck with me.

[No Vested Interest]

37. In addition to what you have mentioned re employment, many dark-skinned people

are more prone to diabetes, not just due to a poor diet (though that contributes), but to innate body chemistry.

[Dream Girl]

36. I think it's probably both. High exposure dues to jobs plus low levels of Vitamin disaster

[appalachiablue]

40. In #38 below I posted what NIH says about Vitamin D, and foods

[Richard D]

20. I believe

Nitric oxide. Nitrous oxide is laughing gas.

[Sucha NastyWoman]

24. Older adults become less efficient at absorbing D from the sun

Wonder if that may be why older adults are more susceptible to getting sick from the virus?

[SansACause]

33. I that may be because older folks tend to spend more time indoors

Especially in states with very hot summers or very cold winters.

[appalachiablue]

39. I've read that as well, recently. That for older people 'sunlight

exposure' doesn't necessarily promote Vitamin D absorption as well.

*Below, #38 I posted what NIH says about Vitamin D, and foods containing it.

[Polly Hennessey]

5. I have taken Vitamin-D and Zinc for years.

Hope they are right.

[AC_Mem]

6. Good to know

My Vitamin D level is extremely low - as are most people who spend time in front of a computer screen and not enough time in the sun. I just went and started my Vitamin D prescription medication again.

This is very valuable information - thank you!
Annette

[Buckeye_Democrat]

11. Previous studies indicated the same.

Vitamin D helps regulate the immune system, among other things.

[Native]

14. O.M.G. D.U.'s Peer Review Police haven't infiltrated this thread yet!

[Richard D]

21. The study was . . .

. . . peer reviewed, I believe.

[Native]

28. Didn't see that when I gave it a quick look-see, regardless, there's always the Double Blind Patrol

[ForgoTheConsequence]

26. Personally I'm putting all my faith in Himalayan salt lamps.

Who needs the scientific method you have essential oils and reiki? I also don't wear a mask I just cast out the demons and evil spirits of whatever grocery store I go to.

[progressoid]

34. I'll second the use of Himalayan salt lamps.

It's done wonders for my demon sperm problem.

I have to disagree with you about the masks however. I heard about a study (done by my aunt) who swears that masks kept her from getting alien DNA in her system. So, I'll keep wearing one. Better safe than sorry I say.

[duhneece]

23. ALL inmates should be given Vit D

Low cost but many inmates couldn’t afford it.

[OriginalGeek]

29. I've been taking Vitamin D for about 4 months

My last check up revealed low levels and doc prescribed Vitamin D once a week but said to go get over the counter stuff and take it all the other days so I have been. I don't drink a lot of milk and I don't go outside much more than to get to the car and from the car into work (even though I live in Florida) so I guess I'm not surprised I was running low.

Since I am considered essential and have been going to work every day since all this started I suppose it's a good thing I've been taking it.

[FakeNoose]

43. Yes I started on vitamin D back in May I think

There's a Youtube video blog by a British virologist/researcher Dr. John Cavanaugh (I think I've spelled that correctly.) I give him a listen fairly often and he's been talking about Vitamin D quite a lot. His theory is that dark-skinned people (especially African-Americans) are especially susceptible to Covid-19 (higher mortality rate) because they're more likely to be vitamin D deficient. This needs to be mentioned much more often on Covid reports and community surveys.

[blueinredohio]

30. I should never catch the Trump virus then

I take Vitamin D and hydroxychloroquine. Ha ha.

[NRaleighLiberal]

35. a good read, long, but lots of info here

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D?wprov=sfla1

[appalachiablue]

38. NIH, Vitamin D

- NIH, Introduction, Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in very few foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. It is also produced endogenously when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, food, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first occurs in the liver and converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], also known as calcidiol. The second occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], also known as calcitriol [1].

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany. It is also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts [1,2]. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Vitamin D sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults [1]. Together with calcium, vitamin D also helps protect older adults from osteoporosis.

Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and *immune function, and reduction of inflammation [1,3,4]. Many genes encoding proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are modulated in part by vitamin D [1]. Many cells have vitamin D receptors, and some convert 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D...

- Sources of Vitamin D, Food

Very few foods in nature contain vitamin D. The flesh of fatty fish (such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel) and fish liver oils are among the best sources [1,11]. Small amounts of vitamin D are found in beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks. Vitamin D in these foods is primarily in the form of vitamin D3 and its metabolite 25(OH)D3 [12]. Some mushrooms provide vitamin D2 in variable amounts [13,14]. Mushrooms with enhanced levels of vitamin D2 from being exposed to ultraviolet light under controlled conditions are also available.

Fortified foods provide most of the vitamin D in the American diet [1,14]. For example, almost all of the U.S. milk supply is voluntarily fortified with 100 IU/cup [1]. (In Canada, milk is fortified by law with 35–40 IU/100 mL, as is margarine at ?530 IU/100 g.) In the 1930s, a milk fortification program was implemented in the United States to combat rickets, then a major public health problem [1].

Other dairy products made from milk, such as cheese and ice cream, are generally not fortified. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals often contain added vitamin D, as do some brands of orange juice, yogurt, margarine and other food products. Plant milk alternatives (such as beverages made from soy, almond, or oats) are often fortified with vitamin D to the amount found in fortified cow’s milk (about 100 IU/cup); the Nutrition Facts label will list the actual amount.

Both the United States and Canada mandate the fortification of infant formula with vitamin D: 40–100 IU/100 kcal in the United States and 40–80 IU/100 kcal in Canada [1].

Several food sources of vitamin D are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin D [11]
Food* Micrograms
(mcg) per
serving IUs* per
serving Percent
DV**
Cod liver oil, 1 tablespoon 34.0 1,360 170
Trout (rainbow), farmed, cooked, 3 ounces 16.2 645 81
Salmon (sockeye), cooked, 3 ounces 14.2 570 71
Mushrooms, white, raw, sliced, exposed to UV light, 1/2 cup 9.2 366 46
Milk, 2% milkfat, vitamin D fortified, 1 cup 2.9 120 15
Sardines (Atlantic), canned in oil, drained, 2 sardines 1.2 46 6
Soy, almond, and oat milks, vitamin D fortified, various brands, 1 cup 2.5?3.6 100?144 13?18
Ready-to-eat cereal, fortified with 10% of the DV for vitamin D, 1 serving 2.0 80 10
Egg, 1 large, scrambled (vitamin D is in the yolk) 1.1 44 6
Liver, beef, braised, 3 ounces 1.0 42 5
Tuna fish (light), canned in water, drained, 3 ounces 1.0 40 5
Cheese, cheddar, 1 ounce 0.3 12 2
Mushrooms, portabella, raw, diced, 1/2 cup 0.1 4 1
Chicken breast, roasted, 3 ounces 0.1 4 1
Beef, ground, 90% lean, broiled, 3 ounces 0 1.7 0
Broccoli, raw, chopped, 1/2 cup 0 0 0
Carrots, raw, chopped, 1/2 cup 0 0 0
Almonds, dry roasted, 1 ounce 0 0 0
Apple, large 0 0 0
Banana, large 0 0 0
Rice, brown, long-grain, cooked, 1 cup 0 0 0
Whole wheat bread, 1 slice 0 0 0
Lentils, boiled, 1/2 cup 0 0 0
Sunflower seeds, roasted, 1/2 cup 0 0 0
Edamame, shelled, cooked, 1/2 cup 0 0 0

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/#:~:text=of%20Vitamin%20D-,Food,%2C%20cheese%2C%20and%20egg%20yolks.

[brush]

42. Thanks for the very helpful info. Any recommendation for supplement...

dosage amount?

[appalachiablue]

45. NIH, *SEE Age, Dosage. I use basic drugstore supplements, no special brand.

So far I've never been told my labs show low levels of Vitamin D, but I haven't checked in a while.

Due to recent news about Vitamin D and Covid, I'm much more aware, to put it mildly! ~ Best of luck.

P.S. I read an article a few months ago how Ricketts is making a return in Scotland. People, esp. kids are indoors too much, on too many 'screens.'..
________________

*NIH, Vitamin D

- Fact Sheet for Consumers (read more of this online).

- What is vitamin D and what does it do?

Vitamin D is a nutrient found in some foods that is needed for health and to maintain strong bones. It does so by helping the body absorb calcium (one of bone’s main building blocks) from food and supplements. People who get too little vitamin D may develop soft, thin, and brittle bones, a condition known as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Vitamin D is important to the body in many other ways as well. Muscles need it to move, for example, nerves need it to carry messages between the brain and every body part, and the immune system needs vitamin D to fight off invading bacteria and viruses. Together with calcium, vitamin D also helps protect older adults from osteoporosis. Vitamin D is found in cells throughout the body.

- How much vitamin D do I need?

The amount of vitamin D you need each day depends on your age. Average daily recommended amounts are listed below in micrograms (mcg) and International Units (IU):

- Life Stage Recommended Amount

Birth to 12 months 10 mcg (400 IU)
Children 1–13 years 15 mcg (600 IU)
Teens 14–18 years 15 mcg (600 IU)
Adults 19–70 years 15 mcg (600 IU)
Adults 71 years and older 20 mcg (800 IU)
Pregnant and breastfeeding women 15 mcg (600 IU)

- What foods provide vitamin D?
Very few foods naturally have vitamin D. Fortified foods provide most of the vitamin D in American diets.

Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel are among the best sources.
Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks provide small amounts.
Mushrooms provide some vitamin D. In some mushrooms that are newly available in stores, the vitamin D content is being boosted by exposing these mushrooms to ultraviolet light.
Almost all of the U.S. milk supply is fortified with 400 IU of vitamin D per quart, and so are many of the plant-based alternatives such as soy milk, almond milk, and oat milk. But foods made from milk, like cheese and ice cream, are usually not fortified.
Vitamin D is added to many breakfast cereals and to some brands of orange juice, yogurt, margarine, and soy beverages; check the labels.

- Can I get vitamin D from the sun?
The body makes vitamin D when skin is directly exposed to the sun, and most people meet at least some of their vitamin D needs this way. Skin exposed to sunshine indoors through a window will not produce vitamin D. Cloudy days, shade, and having dark-colored skin also cut down on the amount of vitamin D the skin makes.

However, despite the importance of the sun to vitamin D synthesis, it is prudent to limit exposure of skin to sunlight in order to lower the risk for skin cancer. When out in the sun for more than a few minutes, wear protective clothing and apply sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) of 8 or more. Tanning beds also cause the skin to make vitamin D, but pose similar risks for skin cancer.

People who avoid the sun or who cover their bodies with sunscreen or clothing should include good sources of vitamin D in their diets or take a supplement. Recommended intakes of vitamin D are set on the assumption of little sun exposure.

- What kinds of vitamin D dietary supplements are available?
Vitamin D is found in supplements (and fortified foods) in two different forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). Both increase vitamin D in the blood.

- Am I getting enough vitamin D?
Because vitamin D can come from sun, food, and supplements, the best measure of one’s vitamin D status is blood levels of a form known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Levels are described in either nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) or nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), where 1 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL.

In general, levels below 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) are too low for bone or overall health, and levels above 125 nmol/L (50 ng/mL) are probably too high. Levels of 50 nmol/L or above (20 ng/mL or above) are sufficient for most people.

By these measures, some Americans are vitamin D deficient and almost no one has levels that are too high. In general, young people have higher blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D than older people and males have higher levels than females. By race, non-Hispanic blacks tend to have the lowest levels and non-Hispanic whites the highest. The majority of Americans have blood levels lower than 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL).

- Certain other groups may not get enough vitamin D:

Breastfed infants, because human milk is a poor source of the nutrient. Breastfed infants should be given a supplement of 400 IU of vitamin D each day.
Older adults, because their skin doesn’t make vitamin D when exposed to sunlight as efficiently as when they were young, and their kidneys are less able to convert vitamin D to its active form.
People with dark skin, because their skin has less ability to produce vitamin D from the sun.
People with disorders such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease who don’t handle fat properly, because vitamin D needs fat to be absorbed.
Obese people, because their body fat binds to some vitamin D and prevents it from getting into the blood.
What happens if I don’t get enough vitamin D?
People can become deficient in vitamin D because they don’t consume enough or absorb enough from food, their exposure to sunlight is limited, or their kidneys cannot convert vitamin D to its active form in the body.
In children, vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, a condition in which the bones become soft and bend. It’s a rare disease but still occurs, especially among African American infants and children. In adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to osteomalacia, causing bone pain and muscle weakness.

- What are some effects of vitamin D on health?
Vitamin D is being studied for its possible connections to several diseases and medical problems, including diabetes, hypertension, and autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Two of them discussed below are bone disorders and some types of cancer.

- Bone disorders
As they get older, millions of people (mostly women, but men too) develop, or are at risk of, osteoporosis, condition in which bones become fragile and may fracture if one falls. It is one consequence of not getting enough calcium and vitamin D over the long term. Supplements of both vitamin D3 (at 700–800 IU/day) and calcium (500–1,200 mg/day) have been shown to reduce the risk of bone loss and fractures in elderly people aged 62–85 years. Men and women should talk with their healthcare providers about their needs for vitamin D (and calcium) as part of an overall plan to prevent or treat osteoporosis.

- Cancer
Some studies suggest that vitamin D may protect against colon cancer and perhaps even cancers of the prostate and breast. But higher levels of vitamin D in the blood have also been linked to higher rates of pancreatic cancer. At this time, it’s too early to say whether low vitamin D status increases cancer risk and whether higher levels protect or even increase risk in some people.

- Can vitamin D be harmful?
Yes, when amounts in the blood become too high. Signs of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, constipation, weakness, and weight loss. And by raising blood levels of calcium, too much vitamin D can cause confusion, disorientation, and problems with heart rhythm. Excess vitamin D can also damage the kidneys.

The daily upper limit for vitamin D is 25 mcg to 38 mcg (1,000 to 1,500 IU) for infants; 63 mcg to 75 mcg (2,500 to 3,000 IU) for children 1-8 years; and 100 mcg (4,000 IU) for children 9 years and older, adults, and pregnant and lactating teens and women. Vitamin D toxicity almost always occurs from overuse of supplements. Excessive sun exposure doesn’t cause vitamin D toxicity because the body limits the amount of this vitamin it produces....

READ MORE, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/

[JT45242]

41. Another bad non-randomized study mixing correlational and causality

"Of 7,807 individuals, 782 (10.1%) were COVID‐19‐positive, and 7,025 (89.9%) COVID‐19‐negative. The mean plasma vitamin D level was significantly lower among those who tested positive than negative for COVID‐19 [19.00 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.41‐19.59) vs . 20.55 (95% CI 20.32‐20.78)]."

Posthoc analysis looking for a correlation. Harvard says that levels below 20 ng/mL are considered low.

They also found The prevalence of dementia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disorders were greater among persons who were COVID-19-N than those who were COVID-19-P (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001) (Table 3).

So which was it -- the 4 diseases that are related to less exposure to natural light ( a major factor in Vitamin D in plasma) or the Vitamin D? Particularly since the bolded diseases had stronger correlations.

A quick perusal did not say what the reliability of the Votamin D measurement was.


The rush to publish ends up with a lot of bad science.

[Pmc1962]

44. Thanks for your post

There’s a lot of data showing correlation of Vit D with poor health outcomes and diseases.

There’s almost zero data showing supplements help much except for bone health.

Sick people have low Vit D levels and are susceptible to other illnesses. This doesn’t mean low Vit D is the cause. Since it’s not the cause, replenishing it is unlikely to change much.

I wish it was that easy but it’s not.

A classic example of correlation does not imply causation.

[catchnrelease]

46. D is good for many things

I wish I could find the youtube video I watched a few months ago. It was a medical dr giving something like a TED talk or a presentation to a large group of medical doctors. He reiterated several times that he was not advocating for taking vitamin D for specific issues. Rather he just presented the studies that have been done, with a brief description of what the study was, how it was done and the results, on Vit D. The video was at least a half an hour long and he was going through the studies quickly. I know generalizing isn't good, but overall what he was showing is that Vit D is REALLY important for immune health, based on volumes of legit research. I remember him saying that research has shown that nearly every cell in the body has receptors for Vitamin D, which indicates how important it is in body functions.

Also, if you are taking Vit D and Calcium, do look into taking Vit K2 with them. From what I have read, K2 helps transport both of those vitamins to the sites where they are needed/used, eg bones, teeth etc. and helps to prevent calcium accumulation in the arteries. Do some research and make up your own mind whether this might be important for you.

[Omaha Steve]

47. After a review by forum hosts....LOCKING

Way over 12 hours old when posted: JULY 27, 2020, 7:00 AM

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